Friday, January 31, 2020
Evaluating Aristotle Essay Example for Free
Evaluating Aristotle Essay Far from being a social constraint, or perhaps a force that elicits fear of being caught, the motives that move a person to choose what is good and avoid what is evil draw well the fine line that separates actions that may be regarded as moral, or those that are immoral. Ethics is important, if not necessary in relation to human living. At the very least, this science helps maintain the fundamental order of and within a society. This is possible because ethics is not only a theory that informs people about what is good or bad, it also asks them to adhere to the principles it teaches. It is thus both informative and formative, or both a theory and practice, consistent with how it is commonly defined: â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad, and with moral duty and obligation†(Merriam-Webster). But what would perhaps be an equally interesting point to look at is the diverging manner by which many people believe to be the basis of moral action. Key to understanding this would be to ask: why be moral? It may help to cite three notable thinkers who have given their own take of the matter. Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill on Ethics Aristotle’s most eloquent articulation of his ethical theories figures in his infamous work called Nicomachean Ethics. In it, his overarching concern to prove that ethics is chiefly related to the concept of â€Å"ends†(or purposes) can be learned. According to Aristotle, every human activity hopes to achieve the â€Å"end†or the â€Å"good†to which it is pursued – e. g. , â€Å"in medicine this is health, in strategy victory, in architecture a house†(Nicomachean Ethics, 7). While Aristotle further contends that there are activities which are pursued for its own sake – and not for the sake of arriving at a good apart from the activities themselves (Nicomachean Ethics, 1) – his work manifests a greater emphasis laid on the goal-orientedness of all human activities. Now, Aristotle further maintains that human life too has an inherent end that needs to be pursued. He thinks of this fundamental human good as happiness – â€Å"the best, noblest, and most pleasant thing in the world†(Nicomachean Ethics, 8). And he himself argues that it is an end that must be pursued not for the sake of anything else, but precisely because it is a chief good in itself (Nicomachean Ethics, 7). Ethics for Aristotle is therefore basically a virtuous accordance of all human activities relative to happiness. This is where his virtue ethics takes shape. In order for all men to attain happiness, Aristotle believes that everyone needs to develop a virtue – a habit of acting that promotes an excellence in one’s use of reason. This is what Aristotle in essence implies when he says that â€Å"happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue†(Nicomachean Ethics, 13). Immanuel Kant’s is a philosopher who elevated ethics into the realm of metaphysics – that is, it is a science drawn from a priori principles (read: from demonstration or logic and not from a particular experiences) but are applied to definite situations in life as well (Kant, 1). This implies that ethics is something that must be applied for all men, in all places, and at all times. Simply put, ethics for Immanuel Kant is both necessary and universal in scope. It is necessary because all men are obliged by the dictates of their reason to obey moral laws; it is universal because moral laws care for no exception. Which is why, Kant believes that moral laws are â€Å"categorical imperatives†– a law that â€Å"concerns not the matter of the action, nor its intended result, but its form and the principle of which it is itself a result†, because it is â€Å"conceived as good in itself†and that it conforms to reason (Kant, 18-19). If only to clarify, Kant here states that a moral law must be obeyed neither on account of the benefit it brings nor the pleasure it elicits, but precisely because it is good in itself. In a way, a moral law is an empty formulation about duty; meaning, it is something that needs to be obeyed on account of nothing else but the adherence to the law itself. Should it be asked how one can arrive at a knowledge of moral law which is both necessary and universal, Immanuel Kant suggests that one can test human actions in reference to, say, this particular formulation: â€Å"act only on a maxim that you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law†(Kant, 23). John Stuart Mill meanwhile proposes a philosophy of ethics based on a more utilitarian perspective. In his work entitled Utilitarianism, he regards the outcome of an activity as the basis for evaluating the ethical repercussions of any action. He articulate this idea quite clearly in saying, â€Å"†¦utility or Happiness (must be) considered as the directive rule of human conduct†(Mill). In other words, ethics is based on how one carefully weighs in the maximum amount of happiness that may result from choosing an action, against the background of a host of alternative options. He even calls this approach the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle†– the â€Å"ultimate end with reference to and for the sake of which†all human activities become â€Å"desirable†(Mill). It works under the premise that before a person acts, he or she would have first appreciated which decision would turn in the best returns or outcomes, both in terms of quality and quality. Mill’s ethical philosophy, one may quickly notice, runs in serious contradiction with Aristotle and Kant, whose theories have taught the necessity of adhering to a virtuous life or to a moral imperative not on account of any purpose, but solely because of good inherent in the act itself. As Mill himself notes, â€Å"according to the utilitarian opinion, the end of human action, is necessarily also the standard of morality†(Mill). By Way of Conclusion: My Definition of Ethics Based on the above discussed ethical notions – its basis, nature and implications – I wish to conclude this paper with a proposal to define ethics as a norm that forms human freedom and, like Immanuel Kant, a law that must be universal and categorical. Firstly, I find that the tendency to define morality in terms of obligation does not at times appreciate the full weight of human freedom. But morality is precisely a human endeavor not only because humans have reason, but more importantly because actions stem from the fundamental use freedom as well. Moral acts, one must carefully note, are arrived at only with the proper education and nurturance of human freedom. It is in fact drawn from the basic premise that human freedom is at its best when one is able to use it to build up one’s welfare, as well as those of others. I am of the opinion that anyone who wish to expound on the ethical standards of an action must first begin with the evaluation of human freedom. In this way, ethics can shed light into the need to use the faculty of freewill for the sake of the goodness inherent in itself – as Aristotle and Kant have argued –, and directed towards the goodness of something else – as Mill has on the other hand proposed. Second, in an ethical theory where human freedom is of critical importance, it is thus wise to adopt the logic from which Immanuel Kant derives his categorical imperative. As one would notice, Kant’s maxim â€Å"do something as though you would want that action be done for all people†touches on two fundamental areas of ethics – the decision of the person, or human freedom, and the universality of the scope of moral laws. I find Kant here to be a great source of insight. With his theory, I believe that I can adopt the position that ethics is a science that forms human freedom because, in Kant’s maxim, the subjective capacity for self-determination is tempered by the duty to obey objective laws. Kant’s categorical imperative does little to undermine freedom, as it does try hard to protect the universal applicability of moral law. In this regard, I would therefore say that Kant’s ethical theory is the best position to take, at least from the perspective of ethical notion that I have chosen to adopt. References Aristotle. â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†. 29 June 2008, http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen. 1. i. html â€Å"ethic. †Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2008. Merriam-Webster Online. 29 June 2008 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/ethic Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals†. 29 June 2008 http://www. scribd. com/doc/2225702/kantfundamental143 Mill, J. S. â€Å"Utilitarianism†. 29 June 2008 http://utilitarianism. org/mill2. htm
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Activity and Impact Training Essay -- essays research papers
I.     ACTIVITY TRAINING TO IMPACT TRAINING A.     Training for Activity 1. The HRD dept. is held accountable for its activity, not for its results  ·Ã‚     There is no formal output of results so managers are left to decide weather it is beneficial or not. 2. The HRD staff is held accountable for design and delivery of training programs.  ·Ã‚     In training for activity, trainers are held accountable for the number of programs they deliver or design.  ·Ã‚     80% of their time is activity so there’s little time left to do needs assessment or research.  ·Ã‚     Organizations that operate with the training for activity approach are looked at being non-productive or not working if not present in the classroom. 3.     Skill Transfer from the classroom to the job is unknown or absent.  ·Ã‚     With an evaluation the skills and knowledge regarding the job cannot be determined.  ·Ã‚     HRD professionals using this method rarely consider strategies that would guarantee a high degree of skill transfer.  ·Ã‚     On-the-job application is viewed as the responsibility for providing the participant and his or her boss. The HRD dept. is responsible for providing the participants with skills and knowledge. (where little to no transfer occurs) 4.     There is a lack of clear alignment with business needs.  · A lot of the courses are out of date.  · Without a clear business need managers are sometimes reluctant      and against training programs.          5.     There is a lack of identified management responsibility for results.  · No one person or group of people has accepted accountability for ensuring that the skills taught will be used on the job. BUSINESS NEEDS FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TRAINING APPORACH One of the criticisms most commonly leveled and HRD professionals today is that they lack business savvy and do not speak the language of business. Business language requires HRD professionals to consider the return to the organization for dollars spend on training. Billions of dollars are spent on training and dev... ...in or lose from this effort. 4.     While he client can involve others, someone in the client group must be in the chain of command of the learners. 5.     The client receives all reports regarding the project. METHODS FOR IDENTIFY THUE CLIENTS DIRECT METHODS: 1.     Ask client to have all involved in project present. 2.     Ask about key individuals. 3.     Indicate concern at not including the necessary individuals in the meeting. 4.     Listen carefully to names being mentioned. 5.     Always ask questions for involvement. INDIRECT METHODS: 1.     Ask questions that will determine if your contact is reporting to someone else. 2.     Encourage through a meeting that contact invite the client. 3.     If your contact needs permission from someone else ask that they invite that person. 4.     After each meeting write a memo summarizing all that took place as well as the outcomes. Send a copy to the client.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
News About Complaint of Cafe de Coral
Introduction Cafe de Coral is one of the popular restaurants in Hong Kong. However, it also has some customer complaints. In this report, it will talk about one of the case of it. The contents include the background of Cafe de Coral, the causes of the customer complaint, which elements of procedural and personal sides of customer service were not fulfilled by the concerned service provider. Last one is what would we do to turn the dissatisfied customers to become satisfied ones, or motivate them to become loyal customers. News contentIn this article, Miss Tse who ordered a hot pot meal in Cafe de Coral. When she got the meal after twenty minutes, around ten cockroaches run outside from the hot pot. Miss Tse and her family even the other costumers were so scared and felt disgusted immediately. After that, Miss Tse complained to the manager for providing the â€Å"cockroaches†hot pot but the manager said that he or she only changed it to a new one. Also, the manager did not apo logize to her. Finally, Miss Tse got the drawback and complained the Cafe de Coral restaurant through Food and Environmental Hygiene Department.Background of Cafe de Coral Frist ,it will talk about the background of Cafe de Coral. Cafe de Coral Group is a listed company at the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. It is the largest Chinese restaurant chain in the world with business spans the four corners of the world. The group has over 580 operational units specialized in fast food, institutional catering, specialty restaurants, food manufacturing, distribution and other overseas food and beverage businesses. Cafe de Coral is one of the restaurants under Cafe de Coral Group. It is a Chinese restaurant chain.The first Cafe de Coral foothold on Sugar Street, Causeway Bay in 1968. Nowadays, Cafe de Coral has over 140 restaurants and serving more than 300,000 Hong Kong customers on an average day. It seems Cafe de Coral is a popular choice when Hong Kong citizen dinning outside. In additions, Caf e de Coral is a leader in Chinese fast food market in Hong Kong. Cafe de Coral promise that they will continue to thrive on the company philosophy of making customers the topmost priority and constantly outperforming itself. Besides, they will fulfill their motto of â€Å"A Hundred Points of Excellence†.Based on â€Å"A Hundred Points of Excellence†, the staffs of Cafe de Coral make â€Å"customer satisfaction†a top priority and all members of their staff take the concept of â€Å"heartfelt services†to heart. In order to have the regular training activities for employee to strengthen their skills and put team spirit into practice, Cafe de Coral has established the â€Å"Cafe de Coral Management Academy†as its training headquarters. Cafe de Coral also review the service attitudes and performance of staff through an objective â€Å"mystery shoppers†program. This practice helps enhance the quality of services.The service that Cafe de Coral has provided is catering. It is tangible. It can be measured , weighed, inspected, touched, smelled and tasted . And their target market is Hong Kong citizen, especial is Chinese . Cafe de Coral is very common in Hong Kong , the branches of Cafe de Coral are throughout Hong Kong. Moreover, the cost of catering is very cheap and the waiting time of foods is short. It attracts a lot of students and working people to dinning here. The case of complaint and the element of procedural and personal side of customer serviceIn this article, Miss Tse who ordered a hot pot meal in Cafe de Coral. When she got the meal after twenty minutes, around ten cockroaches run outside from the hot pot. Miss Tse and her family even the other costumers were so scared and felt disgusted immediately. After that, Miss Tse complained to the manager for providing the â€Å"cockroaches†hot pot but the manager said that he or she only changed it to a new one. Also, the manager did not apologize to her. Fin ally, Miss Tse got the drawback and complained the Cafe de Coral restaurant through Food and Environmental Hygiene Department.There are some causes of the customer complaint. Firstly, around ten cockroaches run outside from the hot pot. This cause is reflected this Cafe de Coral restaurant in North Point is very dirty. Secondly, the manager did not apologize to Miss Tse. The manager did not respect the customer obviously and Miss Tse so angry about that. In this case, there are some elements of procedural sides of customer service were not fulfilled by the concerned service provider. The element of timeliness was not fulfilled. Miss Tse waited twenty minutes for the meal, also not many costumers in this restaurant.The service of this restaurant cannot satisfy the customer expectation. In quick service restaurant, efficient service is essential. Unfortunately, this fast-food restaurant cannot provide a quick service to Miss Tse. There is no reason that this restaurant provide the foo d slowly. Because the staffs were not busy in that time so they should provide the food in standard time. The element of anticipation was not fulfilled. Miss Tse felt disgusted after many cockroaches run outside from the hot pot. The manager should apologize to Miss Tse but he or she did not say that.The manager did not be one step ahead of Miss Tse’s needs because Miss Tse expects that the manager apologize to her and helped her to move out the hot pot but the manager did not meet her expectation. The element of communication was not fulfilled. The manager did not ask Miss Tse some question and try to improve the service. For example, the manager did not comfort Miss Tse and also asked her that did she need some help so Miss Tse has emotional block toward the manager like anger. Moreover, the manager failed to seek and encourage the feedback.For example, the manager did not ask anything before Miss Tse left. The manager did not seek any improve feedback from Miss Tse. There are 7 points about the personal dimension: attitude of body language, tone of voice, selling skill, attentiveness, guidance and product knowledge. In this case, there are some elements of personal side of customer service were not fulfilled by concerned service provider. Firstly, there is a poor attitude of the manager. When Miss Tse call the manager to handle this case, but the manager say that she can only change the hot pot and take away the pot.It is no any apologize to Miss Tse. It is very important that the restaurant should provide the clean food to the customers. Unfortunately, they cannot do this principle. Also, when the customers complained to the restaurant, they had a poor attitude to face Miss Tse. The manager took away the hot pot without any apologize. The manager was very not respect to Miss Tse. Moreover, after Miss Tse complained the hot pot was having ten cockroaches, the manager just said that he or she had changed a new hot pot to you. The manager spoke to Miss Tse with poor tone of voice.The manager should apologize to Miss Tse with appropriate tone of voice but the manager did not do that. The manager did not feel sorry for Miss Tse and the manager did not treat Miss Tse as a loyalty costumer. Finally, the manager did not take care the feeling of the Miss Tse and the other costumers. After Miss Tse saw many cockroaches run outside from the hot pot, she was already felt very nausea and disappointed with the restaurant. She expected the manager will apologize and gave her interpretation to calm down herself. But the manager cannot meet her expectation. And also did not give any feedback to Miss Tse.To fulfill the dissatisfied customers If we were the manager of the concerned organization, we would follow some steps below. There is complaint in the company. We need to turn the dissatisfy customers to become satisfied ones, or even motivate them to become loyal customers. Since the poor customers services will bring lots of negative effects to the company. Customers will share their experiences to their family and friends. Lastly, company will be lost over 20% of their customers each year. That is important for the company to act how to dispose the complaint. Now, there are some points to dispose the complaint.The first one, we need to express concern about the complaint. We would like to introduce ourselves . And then invite them to the place where are away from the restaurant. Avoid affect other customers. Next point, we should listen to the customer what they are happen. To the time, we should keep calm and don’t interrupt the customer’s speech. We also observe the customer’s emotional. Such as, we should observe at their body language and tone. The important the think that is we also need to down the notes for dispose the problem before. The second one, we need to confirm that we should understand the problems of the complaint.We should repeat, their speech to exhibit we understand. For exampl e, Miss, there are many cockroaches came out from the pot’s edge, right? In this part, we should be politely to settle her angry, and this is repeat question skill. It can avoid for misunderstand problem. The third one, we need to act consensus with customer. This means that we should be advice some solution which is agreement of customer. Such us, we give them some money for apologize and give them some coupons for buy food after. And then, we promise that we will as soon as possible to solve.If the customers do not agree with our suggestion, we will have further discussion with customer. We will seek the best solution to deal with the problems. Lastly, we need to solve the problems quickly. We should set the times to deal with the problems. For examples, we need to solve the problems less than 5 day. And then, we should review this problem with all the staff. Finally, we try our best to advice this problem will happen at next time, and give a high-quality service and produc t. To sum up, we need to group moment of truth. We should turn the unfavorable time to become favorable time.Also, we create a favorable time to increase company’s sales and create after moment, of truth to keep the customers. Since, moments of truth will affect company’s development after, so that it is important to the company. Conclusion To conclude, dispose the complaint of costumer efficiently is the responsible of the service provider so that the service provider can improve their service quality and the tackle the main problem of the costumer. If the service provider improve their service quality and establish word of mouth among the costumer, the costumer will be satisfied by the good service and turn the costumer become a loyalty one.
Monday, January 6, 2020
A Profile of Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts
John Roberts is the current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and a George W. Bush appointee. He controversially cast the deciding vote upholding Obamacare. Conservative Credentials: Just after passing the bar exam, a young John Glover Roberts went to work clerking for Chief Justice William H. Rehnquest, a position any aspiring Chief Justice likely would covet. Roberts then went to work for US Attorney General William French during the Reagan administration. Both as an attorney, and as a judge on the US Circuit Court or US Supreme Court, Roberts has reflected his conservative, traditional principles in his rulings. Roberts doesnt make many speeches or write many articles. He prefers to speak through his court opinions. Early Life: Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. was born in Buffalo, NY on Jan. 27, 1955 to John G. Jack, Sr. and Rosemary Podrasky Roberts. His father was an electrical engineer and executive for Bethlehem Steel in Johnstown, Pa. Roberts was brought up by his parents as a Roman Catholic. His penetrating intellect manifested itself as early as elementary school. In the fourth grade, he and his family moved to Long Beach, Ind., where he attended private schools. Despite his intelligence, he was a natural leader and was named captain of his high school football team even though he wasnt its most athletic member. Formative Years: Roberts originally intended to be a history professor, and chose Harvard over Amherst during his senior year in high school. Perhaps because of his Catholic upbringing, Roberts was identified early by liberal classmates and teachers as a conservative, although outwardly he expressed no particularly profound interest in politics. After graduating Harvard College in 1976, he entered Harvard Law School and was well known for not only his intelligence, but his even-temperament, as well. As in high school and college, he was identified as a conservative, but was not politically active. Early Career: After graduating summa cum laude from Harvard and Harvard Law School, Roberts first position was as clerk for Second Circuit Appeals Court Judge Henry Friendly in New York. Friendly was well-known for his disdain for the liberal activism of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren. Next, Roberts worked for Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, who at the time was an associate justice. Legal analysts believe this is where Roberts honed his conservative approach to law, including his skepticism of federal power over the states and his support of executive-branch power in foreign and military affairs. Work With the White House Counsel Under Reagan: Roberts worked briefly for the White House counsel under President Ronald Reagan, where he established himself as a political pragmatist by tackling some of the administrations toughest issues. On the issue of busing, he opposed conservative legal scholar Theodore B. Olson, the assistant attorney general at the time, who argued that Congress could not prohibit the practice. Through memos, Roberts matched legal wits with Congress members and retired Supreme Court justices alike on issues ranging from the separation of powers to housing discrimination and tax law. Justice Department: Before his stint as an associate White House counsel, Roberts worked at the Justice Department under Attorney General William French Smith. In 1986, after his stint as associate counsel, he took a position in the private sector. He returned to the Justice Department in 1989, however, serving as principal deputy solicitor general under President George H.W. Bush. During his confirmation hearings, Roberts drew fire for filing a brief to allow a clergyman to deliver an address to a junior high school graduation, thus blurring the separation of church and state. The Supreme Court voted against the request, 5-4. Path to Judicial Appointment: Roberts returned to private practice at the end of Bushs first term in 1992. He represented a large range of clients including international automakers, the NCAA and the National Mining Company to name just a few. In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Roberts to serve as judge of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals. Democrats held up his nomination until losing control of Congress in 2003. On the bench, Roberts participated in more than 300 rulings and wrote majority opinions for the court in 40 of those cases. Circuit Court: Although he issued and joined many controversial decisions, Roberts most notorious case in the DC court of appeals was Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, in which Osama bin Ladens alleged chauffeur and bodyguard challenged his status as an enemy combatant who could be tried by a military commission. Roberts joined a decision reversing a lower court ruling and sided with the Bush administration, saying that such military commissions are legal under a congressional resolution of Sept. 18, 2001, which authorized the president to use all necessary and appropriate force against al Queda and its backers. Supreme Court Nomination Confirmation: In July 2005, President Bush announced Roberts as his pick to fill the vacancy being created by retiring Supreme Court Associate Justice Sandra Day OConnor. However, after the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist, Bush withdrew Roberts nomination on Sept. 6 and re-nominated him to be chief justice. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on Sept. 29 by a vote of 78-22. Most of the questions Roberts fielded during his confirmation hearings were about his Catholic faith. Roberts stated unequivocally that my faith and my religious beliefs do not play a role in my judging. Personal Life: Roberts married his wife, Jane Sullivan Roberts, in 1996, when they were both in their 40s. After several failed attempts at having children of their own, they adopted two children, Josephine and John.Mrs. Roberts is a lawyer with a private practice firm, and shares her husbands Catholic faith. Friends of the couple say they are deeply religious ... but dont wear it on their sleeves at all.The Robertses attend church in Bethesda, Md. and frequently visit the College of the Holy Cross, in Worcester, Mass., where Jane Roberts is a graduate former trustee (along with Justice Clarence Thomas).
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